Qantas

Presentation: In the serious market enterprises of class of local, universal or worldwide have serious contention. Cost initiative and separation techniques are usually utilized vital administration measurements in the writing (Dess and Davis, 1984; Nayyar, 1993). However, to accomplish advertise predominance over contenders and benefit it needs to clarify decision over the system utilized so as to stay away from ‘the characteristic logical inconsistency of various strategies’ (Porter, 1996, p. 67) In today’s showcase for an organization to endure, it needs to make two corporate systems 1.Lowest cost without endangering the quality. 2. Better quality, straightforward method of activity and better look that implies capacity to be imaginative and inventive. As indicated by Porter (1985) all conventional serious methodologies have diverse method of peaking manageable upper hand. Also, an organization should consistently pick a procedure or, in all likelihood it will be stuck in the center without lucid methodology (Acquaah and Yasai †Ardekani, 2006). Numerous organizations for instance Wal †Mart and AirAsia have been actualizing a solitary methodology very successfully.Examples of organizations which has utilized separation technique as single procedure effectively: * Differentiation by Brand: Harley Davidson and Mercedes Benz * Differentiation by Design: Titan watches †with gold studded jewels, precious stones, valuable metals. * Differentiation by Positioning: Domino Pizza ‘ 30 minutes delivery’ * Differentiation by Technology: Apple Computers * Differentiation by Innovation: 3M. Moreover there are fruitful organizations which apply cross breed †methodology which infers both cost administration and separation procedure at the equivalent time.Eg: German’s Automotive, Tesco store, IKEA. Serious Strategy: It is the path by which firms decide to achieve and hold their upper hand. As to procedure Porter expr essed that â€Å"taking offense or protective activities to make a defendable situation in an industry, to adapt to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦competitive powers and accordingly yield a predominant return for the firm†. Organizations have built up various ways to deal with serious procedure, according to the emergency organizations should apply separate technique. The essential of nonexclusive strategy:Porter expressed that company’s quality is partitioned into two characteristics: cost preferred position and separation. By applying these properties in a wide and limited center, three nonexclusive procedures result: cost authority, separation and core interest. They don't speak to any industry nor they are explicit to any organization. PORTER’S GENERIC STRATEGIES: Diagram 1: (Porter, 1980) Normally implies â€Å"pursue a quality approach†. Empowers a value premium to be charged for the quality contrast. Ordinarily implies â€Å"pursue a quality approach †. Empowers a value premium to be charged for the quality difference.Aim to have most reduced cost-base industry. Will encourage great/less expensive valuing and in this manner develop piece of the pie in versatile enterprises especially. Plan to have most reduced cost-base industry. Will encourage positive/less expensive valuing and consequently develop piece of the pie in flexible enterprises especially. Upper hand Competitive Advantage Differentiation Lower Cost Lower Cost Broad Target Broad Target 1. Cost Leadership| Competitive Score Competitive Score 2. Differentiation| Narrow Target Narrow Target 3 A. Cost Focus| 3 B. Separation Focus|Concentrate on one or few market sections. Can be separation or cost authority. Focus on one or few market fragments. Can be separation or cost initiative. Watchman at first prompted Firms to abstain from endeavoring the two Strategies †Stuck in the Middle †as without a doubt differentiators and cost pioneers will in general be i ncreasingly serious. The accomplishment of Japanese (and other) firms with JIT, Kaizen and TQM methods seems to give proof in opposition to this view. Prerequisites for conventional serious strategies:Generic Strategy| Commodity Required Skills and Resources| Common Organizational Requirements| Overall cost leadership| Sustained capital speculation access to capital| Tight cost control| | Process building skills| Frequent, nitty gritty control reports| | Intense oversight of labour| Structured association and responsibilities| | Products intended for ease | Incentives dependent on meeting severe quantitative| | Low-cost circulation system| focuses in manufacture| Differentiation| Strong promoting abilities| Strong coordination among capacities in R&D, item improvement, and marketing| | Product ngineering| | Creative flare | Strong ability in essential research| Subjective estimation andincentives rather than quantitative measures| | Corporate notoriety for quality or mechanical leadership| Amenities to pull in exceptionally talented work, researchers, or innovative people| | Long custom in the industryor remarkable blend of aptitudes drawn from other businesses| | Strong participation fromchannels| | Focus| Combination of the above arrangements coordinated at the specific vital target| Combination of the above arrangements coordinated at the customary key target|Four key sorts and their ways to deal with methodology (Miles and Snow)? : 1. Protector: * ensure piece of the overall industry * hold current position 2. Analyser: * look for showcase openings however ensure existing zones * hold piece of the pie yet with some advancement 3. Miner: * find new open doors * endeavor and face challenges 4. Reactor: * react just to other * frequently late and insufficient COST AND DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY: Cost Leadership Strategy †The cost administration procedure speaks to cost control and effectiveness in every aspect of activity (Porter, 1980).A organization that chooses to follow cost authority really accomplishes it by performing significant worth chain exercises with lower cost (Porter, 1985). Cost †Leadership technique endeavors to flexibly a norm, nitty gritty, high volume item with a serious cost to clients (Bingxin Li and Juan Li, 2008) which is favored in creating nations India, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. This make item more serious than others with brand picture and great assistance (Hutchinson et al. 2007; Frambach et al. 2003; Porter, 1980).Cost Leadership point requires solid spotlight on flexibly side as contradict to request side of market †with elevated level contender direction (Day and Wendley, 1988). Cost Leadership technique utilized by organizations must benchmark them in a beneficial situation in the commercial center. According to Porter (1980), effective cost authority methodology limits cost in territories like R&D, Services, Sales and Advertising. In Japan, Toyota Company has effectively execut ed cost authority methodology with expanded productivity (Schonberger, 1994) which is an alternate factor make up in this procedure when contrasted with the western nations. Allen and Helms, 2001) Differentiation Strategy †The nonexclusive of separation methodology can be founded on structure and brand picture, appropriation and so forward (Frambach. Et al. 2003). It includes by making a spot in the market that is acknowledged as being diverse in the business and has the capacity to suffer for a since quite a while ago run (Porter, 1980). The viability of system relies upon serious contribution to clients (Slater and Olson, 2001) with one of a kind item for shifted client gatherings. This is with the expect to make least cost of item so as to create fulfillment and loyalty.A firm with separation methodology makes predominant qualities regarding picture, notoriety, dependability and fairness (Dean and Evans, 1994; Sashi and Stern, 1995). This makes subjective contrast in items a nd administration, occupied with publicizing programs, advertising methods with premium costs (Miller, 1986). As indicated by Acquaah and Yasai †Ardekani (2006). Firms with serious methodologies has advantage over their adversaries as they understood how novel their items and administrations are.The separation technique has been effectively actualized in France, Sweden, Canada with organizations having preferred position of Financial and innovation assets, human capital and current administration (Aulakh et al, 2000) Focus Porter characterized center as one of the generis procedures however later on referenced it as mediator of cost initiative and separation system, Companies which apply this methodology ordinarily center around the market where there are less rivalry. (Pearson, 1999). Firms utilizes this technique to weight on a particular situating in the market thus it offers quality and specific items for that position.Therefore now and then center procedure is alluded as s pecialty system (Lynch, 2003). This technique permits the firm the likelihood to charge a top notch cost for its particular items. Ferrari and Rolls †Royce are instances of organization utilizing such system. The main issue with the procedure is that specialty trademark isn't adequate to legitimize company’s consideration. Stuck in the center †When an organization neglects to settle on a decision between the methodologies then it is inferred that the organization is stuck in the center. Therefore influencing its productivity and coming about poor monetary execution. (Dwindle, 1980)THE COMBINATION (HYBRID) STRATEGY: The Porter Generic serious Strategies (1980, 1985) can’t be given over the top unmistakable quality. Serious powers ( Allen and Helms, 2006; Miller, 1992; Spanos, et al. , 2004) has been named â€Å" cross breed, blended, coordinated or mix techniques. (Kim. Et al. , 2004; Spanos, et al. , 2004). They join both minimal effort and separation compon ents (Gopalakrishna and Subramanian, 2001; Proff, 2000). A mix of cost administration and separation methodologies ought to be recognize from ‘stuck in the middle’ where firm neglects to effectively seek after both. (Acquaah and Yasai †Ardekani, 2006).A mix or cross breed str

Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Biography Essays -- Biography Biographies

Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Biography Over the span of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s life, verse played the hand of destiny. The entirety of the significant occasions that occurred in her life appear to harmonize with her verse. Verse put her on the map. It gave her comfort, and solace, some place to suffocate her distress. It acquainted her with her better half, and (in a roundabout way) separated from her from her dad. Verse was a piece of her life, yet a necessary piece of her spirit. Imaginative Beginnings Everything started in Gosforth Church, with the marriage of Mary Graham Clarke, and Robert Moulton. Not long after their marriage, Edward Moulton acquired his family’s sugar estates in Jamaica, and took on the name Barrett. Their first girl was conceived on March 6, 1806 in Coxhoe Hall, situated in Durham, England. She was initiated Elizabeth Barrett. She was to be the first of twelve kin: Edward, Henrietta, Arabella, Samuel, Charles, George, Henry, Alfred, Septimus, Octavius, and Mary. (Mary passed on at three years old.) Out of the twelve, Elizabeth Barrett was nearest to her more youthful sibling Edward, tenderly naming him â€Å"bro.† He thus, reacted by calling her â€Å"ba.† They all dwelled joyfully at â€Å"Hope End close Ledbury in Herefordshire, where Edward Barrett had fabricated himself a nation house with Moorish windows and turrets† (World Authors 77). Elizabeth Barrett’s instruction started at eight years old when she previously began getting exercises from her coach. It before long became clear that Barrett was a capable student. She could peruse Homer in the first before she turned nine years of age, and when she not, at this point had a coach, she showed herself by examining Edward’s exercises, and by perusing perpetually. However, more critically, she built up an enthusiasm ... ...e Barretts of Wimpole Street. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1930. â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†. The Bloomsbury Guide to Women’s Literature. 1992. Bolton, Sarah K. Lives of Girls who Become Famous. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell organization distributers, 1886 â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†. Cyclopedia of World Authors. third ed. 1997. â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning.† The Dictionary of National Biography. 1968 Markus, Julia. Challenged and Done: The Marriage of Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995. Moore, Virginia. Recognized Women Writers. New York: EP Dulton and CO., Inc. Distributers, 1934. Pickering, George. Imaginative Malady. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974. Radley, Virginia L. Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1972. Roberts, Adam. Robert Browning Revisited. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996.

Ways to Improve your Memory

Ways to Improve your Memory 6 Ways to Improve your Memory Home›Education Posts›6 Ways to Improve your Memory Education PostsThe human brain is like a storage that keeps all memories. Our memory is an essential psychological process. But now more and more students find themselves losing their memory. Are you the one who forgets important information during the test or can’t remember where you left your keys? Do you remember all recent events? If you the one who experiences such things, don’t worry as there is no such thing as bad memory, and this means that you can easily improve it. There are a number of different things you can do in order to boost your memory. Therefore, in order to remember all necessary information, qualitycustomessays.com  offers 6 easy ways to improve your memory:Play brain games. Nowadays, there are a lot of brain games. Different puzzles and crosswords will help you to delay brain decline and improve your memory.Eat the right food. In order to keep your memory in a good state, it is recommendable to eat fruits and vegetables and drink green tea. Also any products with omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial for you.Get more sleep. Losing a half of night’s sleep can erode your memory. Thus, nothing has a better effect on your memory than a good, long sleep.Get exercise. When you exercise your body, you exercise your brain. Physical exercises increase oxygen to your brain. Even a little physical activity brings big mental benefits.Laugh more. Truly, laughter is the best medicine, which is good for your brain. It engages many areas of our brain. Moreover, listening to jokes may activate brain areas that are vital for creativity and learning.Quit smoking. Few people know that smoking has a harmful effect not only on our health but on our memory. Stopping smoking will restore your memory to its original state and normal functioning.  Stick to these tips and you will never forget important things in your life!

The Theory Of Criminal Justice System - 1544 Words

Throughout history we have seen many theories being implemented in the criminal justice system. People come in and try to set in something new that they think will improve the overall performance of the criminal justice system. To fully understand how theories work, it is critical to first be fully aware of what theories actually are. A theory is a set of interrelated variables formed into hypothesis, that specify a relationship among variables. Criminal justice is the main umbrella that all the other perspectives come under. â€Å"The theory of criminal justice involves four main philosophies that drive the policies that determine how a government handles its problems with crime. The first two, punishment theory and retributive theory focused on the satisfaction of the victim for such punishment. The other two primary theories of criminal justice, deterrent theory and reformation theory, are aimed at preventing future crimes. They seek to achieve this aim either by discouraging oth ers to commit the same crimes or transforming the individual criminal into a productive member of society.† (Wikipedia. Theories of criminal law) That is the criminal justice theory in a nut shell, but when you look deeper you find other fascinating perspectives that have been implemented in the criminal justice system. One of these key perspectives is the social control perspective. Social control theory lets us understand and lower levels of criminal activity. The idea is that an individual’s basicShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of The Criminal Justice System931 Words   |  4 Pagesin the US criminal justice system. However, finding a great balance between justice and punishment is often a blurred line. Over the past 40 years, the population of state and federal prisons have risen drastically. Polices such as the war on drugs and get tough on crime have caused judges to give out more incarceration years than ever before. With such are large prison population, the res ources needed to operate is much greater than ever before. Many in the criminal justice system began to questionRead MoreThe Theory Of The Criminal Justice System1292 Words   |  6 Pagesconspiracy theory is a theory that argues that the rich and those with power seek the make sure the criminal justice system fails because they benefit from that failure. Conspiracy theories are hard to be proven and for it to succeed, it has to be kept a secret. There’s no credibility in the sources due to the degree of secrecy. Conspiracy theories are invalid because it doesn’t correspond with how people behave most of the time. The Pyrrhic defeat theory isn’t a conspiracy theory because the theory basesRead MoreTheories of Criminal Justice System3211 Words   |  13 Pages 1. Christie (1977) and Zehr (1985) are restorative theory classcs. a, Present the core arguement of each, ensuring that relevant key concepts are defined. b, Idntify and discuss (2) points of smularity and (2) points of difference in thier arguements In the 1970s, various writers and theorists condemned the criminal justice system pointing out its deficiencies particularly in regards to victims rights. One of these writers was Nils Christie (1977) who aroused international interest with hisRead MoreThe Deterrence Theory Of The Criminal Justice System1368 Words   |  6 PagesThe Deterrence theory is a key element in the Criminal Justice System. It’s principles about justice appeal to us because it adapts to our ideas of what we identify as fairness. Punish the sinful and the ones who break the law, swiftly, to the extent that pain will dissuade them from committing a crime ever again. Its sole purpose, to instill fear. Fear of breaking the law because of its punishments. We not only use this theory to punish criminals, but it is a basis in which we raise our kids andRead MoreDeterrence Theory Of The Criminal Justice System2120 Words   |  9 PagesUnit 2 DB1 Deterrence Theory Deterrence theory has many ideas as to what constitute deterrence. Some researchers think that it is the main purposes of our criminal justice system. They do agree that it is the main goal when it comes down to discouraging society from committing criminal deeds. Because, of fear of punishment for committing a crime. Some researcher would have you believe that the most powerful deterrent we have is our criminal justice system, because they are the ones that will makeRead MoreCriminal Justice System: Classical School Theory1481 Words   |  6 Pagesthis paper I will discuss a major theory that has helped shape our criminal justice system today and how it came about. There are multiple major theories that made the criminal justice system what it is today, but I will only be discussing one theory and the theory that I will be covering in this paper is the classical school theory. I chose this theory because I believe that people have a choice to decide what they do. That also pl ays a part in the criminal activities that they participate inRead MoreUtilitarian Theory of Punishment in the Criminal Justice System763 Words   |  4 Pagesregarding punishment and responsibility. We, as a society, tend to look away when it comes to how criminals are being punished and maybe we should be paying more attention. Violence seems to be an integral part of our society, some raise their children with violence, we watch it on television, read it in newspapers and books and now we are even playing violent video games. When it comes to the judicial system the majority of citizens do not even know how individuals are being punished or if the punishmentRead MoreThe And Clarke s Theory Of The Criminal Justice System862 Words   |  4 Pagesdrugs, is in and out of prison and jail, and also depends on illegal means to get what they want and need. These all lead to separate facets of the criminal justice system allowing for separate theories to set in to the families. I choose Cornish and Clarke’s rational choice theory, general strain theory, and Sutherland’s differential association theory. Cornish and Clarke begin the lead in allowing for work on why offenders enjoyed committing crimes to be accepted. Following Katz used this againRead MoreCriminal Justice Paper854 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal Justice System CJA/204 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE Criminal Justice System This first week the assignment was to Define crime, its relationship to the law, and the two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal, Describe the government structure as it applies to the criminal justice system, Identify choice theories and the their assumptions in regards to crime, Describe the components of the criminal justice system and the criminal justice processRead MoreCriminal Justice Organizational Effectiveness Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagesachieving the desirable results is indicative of organization effectiveness. The United States Criminal Justice system is amongst the most respected governmental entities on the planet; and with a formidably structured and well developed hierarchy, history has uncovered its adaptability through operational effectiveness. Although many process, protocols, and scientifically reforms have been adopted, criminal justice practitioners and senior level leaders provide are continuously developing and revi talizing

The Famous Romance Novel of Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott

Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott is one of the most famous historical fiction books in the modern era. This 544 paged book has inspired many teens who are interested to know about the events that took place in England in the twelfth century. Sir Walter Scott wrote this book in 1819 to focus on the local history of Scotland. Sir Walter Scott was a Scottish novelist, playwright and a famous poet in the nineteenth century. This book was considered as a romance novel by several critics and concluded that it is a treat for young teenage boys. Ivanhoe had an accurate depiction of what happened in England in the twelfth century which is why it was one of the best novels written in the 1800s. The Main Characters of this book are Cedric, Ivanhoe, Athelstane, Rowena, Brian de Bois-Guilbert, Front-de-Boeuf, Richard Plantagenet, John Plantagenet, Waldemar Fitzurse, Isaac, Rebecca, and Maurice De Bracy. Cedric is a Saxon nobleman, who is the father of the hero, Ivanhoe. He wants to restore the Saxon empire in England and hates his rivals, The Normans. Ivanhoe is the son of Cedric. His actual name is Wilfred and is called Ivanhoe because he had a great manor that was named Ivanhoe. He follows Richard I because he is a Crusader. Athelstane is the lord of Coingsburgh. He belongs to the Saxon nobility and is Cedric’s last hope for restoring the Saxon Empire. Front-de-Boeuf is a Norman who is the owner of Torquilstone Castle. Richard Plantagenet is the King of England at the time of when thisShow MoreRelated The Powerful Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pageswrites on two aspects of slavery that particularly bothered him. One is the legal concept of the slave as property, and the other is the endorsement and support of slavery on religious and moral grounds by the established church. Repeatedly in the novel, the reader is reminded of the cruel absurdity by which one human being pretends to own another, much as one would own a cow or a horse, and that this is done in the name of religion adds makes it even more perverse (Johnson 110). The idea of aRead MoreEssay on Impact of the Industrial Revolution on History2331 Words   |  10 PagesRomantic Movement and Realism, including regionalism and naturalists (Miller, 534-38). The Romantic Movement, also known as romanticism, took place in the early 1800’s. Rather than write about the lives of ordinary people, romantics dealt with the ‘romance’ of life. They appealed to sentiment and imagination rather than reality (Miller, 534). The essence of Romanticism is a belief in the power and validity of human emotions as a means of knowing and a guide to life. Instead of following the previous

Case Study Ebay Strategy in China Free Essays

Introduction Basics of Occupational Safety, in my opinion could be explained as most important steps of identifying, recognizing, avoiding, controling and methods of protection from risks and other possible factors that can affect our   physical and emotional health. Occupational safety consists from our personal safety and of those who surround us. To be away of accidents and other harmful factors we should be first an informed person over potential risks, ways of avoiding it and of course methods of helping each other or our self in case we are in a risky situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Ebay Strategy in China or any similar topic only for you Order Now Information is available everywhere is just important to know which one is a correct information helping you to have correct steps of protection yourself and which one is a incorrect one. A correct information is the that one approved by law and proved in practice. Accidents and prevention Accidents and risks are everywhere and no one can protect you form a potential accident that yourself. Nature is unpredictable and everybody has their one destiny. But by being an informed person you get power on controlling situations and avoiding risk from your life. An accident if a factor which can provoke harm to you health or take your life for good. There is always ways of avoiding accidents and those who care about their life will do all possible to survive it and get form it at least alive if is not possible to avoid wounds and broken bones. In my opinion to avoid an accident is: 1. Knowing the rules of working place or transportation rules and respect them 2. being informed on potential risks places and better to avoid them 3. have an idea of according first aid in case of possible accidents 4. e protected with special suits, glows etc. , if working area is in possible risk all time 5. know where is urgent exit doors form buildings in case of risks 6. know where are urgent buttons 7. where is the specialized room for accident cases which have all necessary tools for protection 8. know where is health box for accident cases 9. know where are the closes points of hospitals and health points 10. being informed of scheme of building 11. at le ast 2-3 times have done the training for special cases and accidents and know how to behave in this situations 12. now the specialized person who have done trainings for first aid 13. being patient and non stressed and with focused attention is extreme situations and support weak persons 14. location of first aid equipment 15. to protect the casualty against further injury without creating a risk for oneself 16. the plan for access to additional care 17. to observe and interpret the victim’s general condition 18. to assess the situation, the magnitude and severity of the injuries and the need for additional medical help. Occupational diseases and prevention What are occupational diseases? A disease is a virus who harm your heath and provoke illness and potential death. Occupational diseases are a long list of diseases who can migrate form one person to another if is transmissible or can be   gained form you unhealthy work place always posed at risks for being infected with chemical harmful products or can bring physical harms. Being protected means in first place to be a informed person, to respect working place rules and where special glows and protection suits, always have a planed day when you can go and do a general investigation on your physical situation and also psychological one. Always have a planed day, have planed breaks and eat healthy food, have at least 1h per day for physical trainings, have a sleeping regime. If you fell you are tired or fell strange modifications on your general health don’t hesitate to visit a doctor for a small investigation. Nobody can save you from those diseases who are genetically transmitted but only you can make your health situation better by taking care of yourself and avoid risks. Riscks and their management A person can be applied for an first aid in different situation and depends of few key factors: – size and layout of the enterprise type of work and associated level of risk – other enterprise characteristics – availability of other health services. The risks of injury vary greatly from one enterprise and from one occupation to another. Even within a single enterprise, such as a metalworking firm, different risks exist depending on whether the worker is engaged in the handling and cutting of metal sheets, risk of burns and electrocution, the assembly of parts, or metal plating the potential of poisoning and skin injury. The risks associated with one type of work vary according to many other factors, such as the design and age of the machinery used, the maintenance of the equipment, the safety measures applied and their regular control. A distinction is sometimes made between the type of work and the specific potential risks:  · low risk-for example, in offices or shops  · higher risk-for example farms and in some factories and yards  · specific or unusual risks- like underground work, diving operations, transportation and shipping. Example of potential hazards will be: 1. rushing injuries 2. falls 3. lack of oxygen 4. risks of spreading fire and explosions 5. intoxication by chemicals at work 6. serious cuts, severed limbs 7. exposure to infectious agents, animal bites and stings. How to manage with potential risks and how to manage accidental situations? Every company in our days meet many challenges in changing their safety programs   as they understood that they are responsible for worker s life and safety at working place and because of hight penalties that have to pay to high priced medicaments in case of accidents at working place. To manage a risk situation you should have knowledges in many safety areas: chemistry and biology- hazardous substances, ergonomics- limitations of human power, designing machines and facilitations, knowledges about pollution, environmental alteration, psychology helps to understand human behavior, medicine helps to understand mechanisms of injuries and how to prevent them, business and economics helps to improve safety and contribute to profitability and productivity. Most of the companies have different hazards unique safety expertise and most of them do next several thinks: * we must recognize hazard situations, conditions and situations can cause illness injuries; * we should consider fire protection: reducing fire hazard by making regular inspections and instal fire detectors and suppression systems * health control hazards: as noise hazards, chemical, biological, radiation hazards which can affect our life * always have ready equipments, materials, facilities and   professional abilities * make sure that mandatory safety and health standards are satisfied * improve management for hazardous products by keeping them away of humans, fire, other substances or stored in special places; * explain people about their limitations and abilities, characteristics of products * protect environment by not releasing poisoning substances in air or water * make planed trainings on explaining workers on way of recognizing potential hazards and make their wor k safe and   effective. Conclusion From all we explained till now, we can evaluate the main point of safety science: gives people to identify, evaluate, control and prevent risks in their working place or day by day. Ricks cant be prevented, their are everywhere but there is always professionals dedicated to prevent human suffering and potentials losses. Author: Irina Soltoianu How to cite Case Study Ebay Strategy in China, Free Case study samples

Language and Learning for Retail Research- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLanguage and Learning for Retail Management Research. Answer: Advantages and disadvantages of social media marketing Social media marketing is one of the most promising and fastest growing marketing concepts in the current business scenario. With the recent boom in internet, social media marketing got more importance for the business organisations. This is due to reason that the reach of social media is ever increasing and the effectiveness of the social media is more than any other conventional media. With the emergence of various social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, business organisations identified huge opportunities in marketing through social media. In the present business scenario, majority of the regions across the world are having internet access. Thus, with the social media marketing, contemporary business organisations are reaching out to the larger section of audience. Thus it can be said that social media marketing is having more advantages. This essay will argue that the advantages of social media marketing are more significant than the disadvantages. In the recent time s, the advantages of social media marketing are more prominent than its shortcomings. This essay will discuss about the significance of social media marketing and how the advantages of it is more dominant than its disadvantages with the help of different articles. Social media marketing is having more advantages due to the reason that, majority of the organisations are having their social marketing campaign. Most of the large business organisations are gaining their goodwill and reputation from the social media marketing. Though, various authors have identified demerits for social media marketing but still it is the most effective way of identifying the requirement of the customers. A major advantage of social media marketing is the extraordinary number of people around the world who access social media sites. The high market penetration of the social media is the key competitive advantage for them. Authors such as Monica and Bala? (2014), according to whom, with the increase in the access of internet around the world, the reach of social media is also increasing by leap and bound. According to them, there are more than 100 million subscribers on Facebook only from the African regions. Moreover, 50 percent of the total African population is having access to the internet. Thus, according to Monica and Bala? (2014), the myth around the poor connectivity with the African population is proving wrong with this fact. Moreover, the number of African population having internet access and social media subscriptions is rapidly increasing. Thus, Monica and Bala? (2014) stated that it is a huge opportunities for the marketers to initiate their marketing activities with the help of social media. It will help them to reach out to more number of people effectively. Moreover, according to Monica and Bala? (2014), in the African regions, there are the peoples those who are having internet and social media access but do not have any exposure to other types of conventional media. Thus, in this case, social media marketing is not only effective but also the only way to reach out to the remote audiences. Thus, the market penetration of the social media marketing is much more than that of the other conventional media marketing. Similar opinion given by Minazzi (2015), regarding the importance of the social media marketing. According to her, social media marketing special through the use of mobile is much effective for the tourism industry. Minazzi (2015) stated that this is due to the reason that the travelers now have the access to various technologies in their mobile device such as GPS and other location based applications. With the initiation of the rapid development of the mobile devices, the access to the internet and social media got more effective for the users as well as the marketers. This lead to the fact that the social media users remain always connected. Thus, according to Minazzi (2015), it is a huge opportunity for the marketers due to the reason that they will have the more exposure for their promotional activities. Customers in the social media remain more active than that in other conventional media. Hence, the marketing opportunities from the social media are more. Minazzi (2015) also sta ted that, with having more attendance of the customers, the effectiveness of the social media marketing is also more than that of other media. Another key advantage for social media marketing is their high level of influence among the younger generations. The young generations can be more effectively attracted with the help of social media. According to Gaber and Wright (2014), social media marketing is more effective in targeting the younger buyers due to the fact that younger generation is more active in the social media. The authors had given the example of Egypt where the survey was being conducted to determine the effectiveness of the social media marketing of the fast food chains. According to Gaber and Wright (2014), younger generation is being more attracted with the help of social media marketing. Moreover it was also been seen that the social media marketing is helping the marketers in effectively engaging the customers with their promotional activities. According to Gaber and Wright (2014), this is due to the reason that the social media marketing involves two way communications. Thus, it is beneficial for the o rganisations to determine the feedback of the customers effectively. It also helps the marketers in effectively determining the current taste and preference of the market. Gaber and Wright (2014) also stated that, social media marketing will help the organization in engaging with the customers which further help them in determining the requirement of the customers. Due to the involvement of the customers in the promotional activities, the effectiveness of the social media marketing is more than that of other conventional marketing channels. Moreover, according to Gaber and Wright (2014), due to the reason that customers remain more active in the social media in the recent times, the flow of word of mouth is also more effective in the case of social media marketing. Thus, Gaber and Wright (2014) stated that, if the organisations can generate positive word of mouth then it will transmit more effectively and swiftly in the case of social media marketing. Thus, it can be concluded that social media marketing is more effective than any other marketing chan nels in terms of engaging the customers. However, there are various researchers who have given the negative opinion about the effectiveness of the social media marketing. They are given the opinion that social media marketing is having more disadvantages than advantages. According to Whiting and Deshpande (2014), the effectiveness of the social media marketing is more of myth. This is due to the reason that, according to Whiting and Deshpande (2014), the social media marketing is more of trend among the marketers than its utility. As stated by Whiting and Deshpande (2014), if the social media marketing does not being effectively and properly designed according to the requirement of the market, then it is highly probable that the marketing campaign will fail. Thus, according to the Whiting and Deshpande (2014), the perception of the marketers about the social media marketing that having presence in the social media will automatically attract customers is nothing more than myth. Moreover, it is also been stated by the Whiting and Deshpande (2014) that social media marketing can help to increase the effectiveness of the existing marketing activities of the organisation. However, it cannot create awareness for a new product due to the reason that customers need to have the knowledge about the social media page of the organisation which can only be gained with the help of conventional media channels. Thus, it can be concluded that social media marketing is having more advantages than disadvantages for the marketing organisations. The effectiveness of the social media marketing depends on the design and the strategies being developed by the organisations to implement the social media marketing. The more effective will be the marketing strategies, the more effective will be the social media marketing. Hence, the potentiality of social media marketing is not myth, rather than it can reap benefits if being properly managed and implemented. Reference Gaber, H.R. and Wright, L.T., 2014. Fast-food advertising in social media. A case study on Facebook in Egypt.Journal of Business and Retail Management Research,9(1). Minazzi, R., 2015. Mobile Social Media Marketing in Tourism. InSocial Media Marketing in Tourism and Hospitality(pp. 127-135). Springer International Publishing. Monica, B. and Bala?, R., 2014. Social media marketing to increase brand awareness.Journal of Economics and Business Research,20(2), pp.155-164. Whiting, A. and Deshpande, A., 2014. Social media marketing: A myth or a necessity.The Journal of Applied Business and Economics,16(5), p.74.

Gender Stereotypes In Advertising Essays - Absolut Vodka, Marketing

Gender Stereotypes In Advertising Gender Stereotypes In Advertising Have you ever thought about the way that you feel after you see a really funny commercial, or a commercial that shocks you to the point where you know your going to think about it for the rest of the day? By simply stating the name of a specific company, is it possible for you to tell me their slogan___ is the place for the hardware man.? Slogans like this are there to keep your attention, whether it be sexually, athletically, or by shock-value. These sexually-charged slogans are not by accident (such as the ?hardware man?). They are put there for the very reason so you will think about them for the rest of the day. The perfect slogan or advertisement can go on for generations, and can sometimes carry a corporation. One of these firms that you might say has been carried by their history of ad campaigns is Absolut Vodka. They can be all over the place, in magazines or even on TV, the way that these Absolut ads can turn anything from a woman's body to a brick wall into the shape of their bottle. Shaped the same way as a common liquor or wine bottle, yet still everyone knows that this ad is Absolut-ly Absolut. The perfect example of a mental monopoly is by seeing a solid black magazine ad with a bottle cut out of it; the first thought to cross the consumer's mind is that of the Absolut bottle. The surprise comes when the page is turned and the reader is bombarded with images of scantly clad men and women. Now the double take occurs when not only the traditional Absolut advertising ploy is present but also, this campaign is based around a sexual stereotype. Even established businesses will use gender roles to further product recognition. Because Absolut Vodka uses several ploys that highlight gender stereotypes in an effort to sell their product, consumers need to be aware that drinking this alcohol wil l not guarantee happiness or satisfaction with members of the opposite sex. Individual advertisement examples are clearly shown in the first advertisement of a man seemingly climbing a sheet of ice with the silhouette of the Absolut bottle protruding from the side of the mountain. Although many women love the hardcore aspects of ?conquering? the outdoors, it is generally thought of as a man's passion to get outside and explore. While this is not the traditional Absolut ad with the mountain actually resembling the bottle of liquor it does do an excellent job of getting its point across with subtle gender bias. Until actually examining an advertisement, it is hard to notice the gender roles that shine through so strongly. In this very ad, at a glance it looks as if they are simply stating that their vodka is strong and on the edge, while in reality this is the Swiss company's way of appealing to the male gender. Suddenly a few pages later the dangerous, and on the edge drink, has been transformed into a lighthearted woman. It is the same as realizing that the woman in the beer commercial is staring at you almost as if to be saying that by purchasing this drink the consumers appeal to this woman has skyrocketed. It is an ingenious way of marketing to different types of people, whether they be male, female, hetero- or homosexual, it is a simple fact that by going through sexual desire companies will sell more of their product.. Using the same stereotype this next ad implies that a woman would rather drink a vodka that is seen to be traditionally stylish and smooth rather then the hard, rough going- down drink that we saw in the preceding advertisement. This Absolut ad takes the scenic route employing a feathered scarf draped over the now elegant looking bottle. The spotlight is focused upon the bottle giving the idea that this is the drink that the important and beautiful people drink. In this scenario it is supposed to remind us of the days when glamorous movie stars walked the runway for their picture premiere; it is an old-school attitude that they try to turn into a successful advertisement. Although

Free sample - The Hilton Concept of Quality. translation missing

The Hilton Concept of Quality. The Hilton Concept of QualityAll   employees and franchisees   follow Brand recognition; offer affordable and agreeable hotels and are part of a multi international network of hotels of one to four stars. The network is growing every day as   Hilton Worldwide acquires hotels all over the world. The network promises a facility of reservations, brand recognition and inner controls that are called the Hilton Way . This was the motto of Conrad Hilton forming the corporation in the 1940's. His first Hilton hotel dates back to 1925 in Texas. Hilton Worldwide runs it's corporations under   Total Quality Management (TQM) as they train only their management and the management of each hotel whether it be corporate or franchised managed   to   brand recognition and to be customer focused. All processes done must be done the "Hilton way" (process thinking, proper environment). The internal running of hotels is the responsibility of the individual hotel. For the purpose of this Paper the Embassy Suites and the Beverly Hilton will be used to show how the Hilton way has not always been sufficient in quality assessment and it has been necessary to add additional controls.. Hilton Worldwide has created a complicated in house program of RevPar index, the Balanced Scorecard and Brand Equity. Millions of dollars have been spent in a data network aligning all hotels so that their financial and statistical data can be part of the Hilton Network. Each hotel pays approximately $70 000 to have the system installed. One cannot be called Hilton without adhering to the network.   Everything is measured, quantified and sent back to corporate to judge their level of service and in terms of revenues. (hiltonworlwide) RevPar index (revenue per available room) is a primary statistic used to test the financial viability of a hotel. Hilton Corporation uses the RevPar Index, brand equity and the balanced scorecard. Every hotel in their system from the 1 star to the 4 stars practices what the Brand Hilton preaches "Deliver value for Money" Revenue per available room or the % of occupancy x the average daily rate is to show the financial viability of a hotel compared to another in the same area at the same time and the same type. (strglobal) A four star Hilton Embassy Suite reserved at 90% occupancy during the Christmas season in Los Angeles compared to a four star Embassy Suite reserved at 85% occupancy at a higher rate in San Francisco will not be doing as well. "What gets measured gets managed" is part of Hilton's strategy (TQM) and tactical processes. The terminology they have developed has become to be known as the   "Balanced Scorecard" Corporate management, corporate owned and managed hotels and franchised hotels are affected. It is part of Hiltons long and short term strategy. All quality assurance is based on the data derived from performance measure data established from the type of work, the objectives achieved and the progress made. Nothing is left out. Anything which can be quantified is used for quality. The Scorecard is put into an intricate reporting data system that each hotel is required to have bought and set up in order to maintain the Hilton image. Depending on the results, each person in the organization has incentives as motivational factors. Their performance and expectations are always an important part of the system. Hilton uses the data and statistics to judge results. TQM is based on inward performance and CEM is based on outward performance. RevPar Index, Balanced Scorecard   and Brand Equity have been measured in the Hiltons across the world to judge customer satisfaction. Hilton started with Brand Equity with the use of Hilton Hotel 50 years ago. One of the earliest hotels was the Beverly Hilton. Brands with customer awareness and association with quality or consistency are effective equity brands. A customer knows in any Hilton hotel in the world, he will get the same type of service.   Now they have grown or expanded in using an additional H with   Hilton Hotel, HHonors program, Homewood Suites, Hampton. All under the umbrella of H. Measurements   of brand equity can be made but they are only approximations. Keller K.L., 1993 "Hilton's balanced scorecard   has enabled to quantify the quality of the daily growth and increased brand equity by quality control of the knowledge that one Hilton is the same from another. And in addition to share-of-market growth, non-financial measures show improvement, as well. Among company-owned and -managed hotels, current customer-satisfaction studies reveal strong increases in customers' opinions on overall satisfaction, their likelihood of recommending Hilton hotels, and their likelihood to return to a given property. The three factors comprise a measure of loyalty Hilton tracks closelyand that score recently reached its highest level ever. Hensdill (2009) The scorecard tests cleanliness and conditions. Service standards are left to the individual hotel. ("News Release", 2003) The hotels are kept to the Hilton Way because of the internal data system of check and balance and statistical controls. Whereas service has become an important part of today's industry to differentiate between hotel chains and establish customer loyalty, it is left out of the testing process of the quality assurance .(beverly) Hilton Worldwide created an additional two section of the Balance Scorecard to include quality assurance and guest satisfaction for the Embassy Suites. They have surprise visits, inspections of kitchens, and guestrooms. Guests are asked to rate different services in the hotel. Everything is still quantified and nothing is dealt with on an emotional level. ("News Release", 2003) This is an indication that they rely on Total Quality Management. Beverly Hilton is a privately owned hotel which only uses the point system of HHonors of the Hilton program. It was important to keep the name and have the brand equity of the "H" as the Beverly Hilton is one of the oldest post war hotels. As a private hotel, they are not required to adhere to TQM nor the Hilton Way. They use an external company for Quality Assurance and are   service oriented. Their managerial team uses customer experience management philosophy. Though they rely heavily on testing and auditing, they question every aspect of their operations. The voice of the customer is the priority of the hotel. The external company has their own quantitative tests of quality: research is done throughout the year in customer experience and motivation of   employees through reward and recognition, tools are established to train staff in customer service (experience); emotional audits, surveys, and surprise visits. Preparing for the yearly quality assurance audit, with LRA Worldw ide, the Beverly Hilton is able to respond quickly and on the spot of   any deficiency found. Statistical studies are done using the CEM (customer experience management).("The Beverly Hilton",2005) 1. Comparison of CEM versus   TQM by Hilton Worldwide. Statistics of the effective on revenues between two types of management - Motivation: services or needs - Fidelity: emotional or location - Emotions: necessity or pleasure Control Chart to compare the fluctuation of RevPar per franchises during the holiday season 2. Though Hilton is top of the list in customer satisfaction, more can be done to change the Henry Ford chain line feeling that everything has to be the same. With a more customer orientated managerial system, Hilton hotels will seem more homely and less industrial. 3.   Hilton keeps up to date with the various national tests. They are at the top of the list of most of its competitors: brand equity: (Equitrend study) Guest satisfaction is the highest for the past three years with the Customer Satisfaction index (ACSI)("Big Gains",June 2010) They have internal testing of the higher end hotels and statistical analysis of the whole network: balance scorecards ( The internal functioning of the hotels are up to the owners of the franchisees. As the expectations of the financial goals are high, the entrepreneurial attitude does not allow for a low level of workers' performance. Motivational compensation in financial awards is given for those who meet set goals. The whole system is based on financial success. Though guest satisfaction is the highest in the industry, it is based on American statistics. Brand recognition is becoming more and more important as globalization is without borders.

Nuclear Medicine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Nuclear Medicine - Research Paper Example r radionuclide, which is in a bond with a supplementary molecules (such as, peptide, protein, or drug) or particles, that cumulates in the required tissue or organ after introducing it in the patient’s body through inhalation, swallowing, or injection (National Research Council, 2007). Depending on the characteristics, different radiopharmaceuticals are used for different diagnosis and treatment processes. Radiopharmaceuticals generally discharge beta or alpha radiation. As beta and alpha radiations are more effective than the gamma radiation that is used in diagnosis process, they are widely exploited in the most nuclear medicine procedures (National Research Council, 2007). The preparation of patients for nuclear medicine processes varies according to the type of examination or test. However, there are certain standard guidelines which are required to follow while preparing the patient to ensure the accuracy of tests. There is no need of special preparations for the scans associated with the inflammatory, bones, pulmonary, brain, lymphatic and renal systems (Patient Care, 2014). However, specific drug allergies are required to be noted by means of Diamox for brain scanning. For the scans associated with the gastrointestinal system, patients are required to fast for at least 4-5 hours (Patient Care, 2014). Some such scanning tests need pre-medicating as a part of a preparation. Further, cardiac tests consist of fasting of at least 4-5 hours prior to the test and persantine stress test need no consumption of caffeine for at least 24-30 hours before the test (Patient Care, 2014). Thyroid scanning needs pause on the consumption of specific medications befo re the scanning. Also, patients are required to inform their physician about the own medical history and present medications before going through the nuclear medicine procedures (Patient Care, 2014). Nuclear medicine is a painless, affordable, and safe mode of collecting medical data that would be otherwise

How does technology make money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How does technology make money - Essay Example MOST is a technology that employs high speed multimedia network which facilitates common devices like PDA, DVD, radio and many others for the purpose of getting used by them at the lowest cost. The common devices can connect with this network to provide functionality to the end consumers to avail live audio and video having a standardized interface. It provides extendibility and reliability to the devices. Extendibility in the sense that more standardized devices can be easily added to the MOST networks without problems. MOST devices are connected using a ring which feeds the output to the input of the device in a circular manner. The token which travels in the network is a frame which contains streaming data segment, packet data and control information (MOST, 2008). The streaming data flows in the ring at the same speed the network is running. The synchronous feature of the data flowing in the network is at the same speed and retains the quality of the data. However packet data is non-synchronous in nature and may flow in several frames. The amount of streaming data and packet data forms a larger portion of the frame and the ratio is according to the application requirements. Control data on the other hand forms a little portion of the frame and contain the control information. It signals of the information into parts, in every frame so that it is grouped and regrouped by the receiving device for the knowledge of the placement of segment and packet data. Reliability compounds to the workability of the devices so that any device following the standard TCP/IP protocol. The reusability feature would enhance the functionality as more devices with a HMI (Human Machine Interface) can interact with each other for using the multimedia features. MOST was quite different concept to sharing of real time multimedia data over the

Comparison of Oral Drug Administration Strategies

Comparison of Oral Drug Administration Strategies Abstract In this literature assignment the oral route of administration will be discussed and further studied. Particular formulations such as tablets (including chewable as well as buccal tablets), capsules, oral solutions, suspensions and emulsions which can be applied by using this selected route will be compared and any differences or/and similarities between those will be identified. Oral formulations are usually the most convenient for both children and adults and therefore should be the first choice for example pain management etc or generally when required. Speed of absorption (in the oral route it may be slow depending on the preparation and the stomach contents) and duration of effect (slower release compared to other routes for a prolonged effect) are also some of the factors under investigation in this study. According to the advantages and disadvantages of these different formulations it would be useful to identify which is the most preferable formulation by patients followed by specific examples/drugs which are administered orally. Introduction Different drugs require different routes of administration and therefore different dosage forms are produced in order the appropriate absorption to be achieved through the suitable form of the drug. Each substance is absorbed in a different way by the human body. Hence different administration routes are provided and recommended for each substance under which the dose of the drug will be absorbed, delivered and distributed more effectively. The two major classes where through the drug can enter the human body are enteral and parenteral routes. In the enteral route the drug passes directly into the Gastrointestinal tract. Enteral route includes sublingual (under the tongue), oral (swallowing) as well as absorption of the drug through the rectum. On the other hand parenteral routes involve intravascular (the drug is administered into the blood stream), intramuscular (skeletal muscle), subcutaneous (into subcutaneous tissues) and inhalation routes of administration (where the drug is absorbed through the lungs). Parenteral routes, Routes of Drug Administration, RL Copeland, PH.D., Department of Pharmacology Topical preparations include those that result to either mucosal membranes (such as eye drops, nasal) or skin (dermal and transdermal for local and systemic action respectively). The physical characteristics of the drug, its rate of absorption or/and release as well as the possibility of the need of high concentrations at particular sites are some basic key factors that determine the route of administration for each drug. It should be also mentioned that more than one route of administration can be advisable for the substance/drug depending on the patients condition. According to researches it has been proved that the oral route is the most popular route of administration between those that were referred above. This is due to its simplicity, convenience and safety provided. However, there are some disadvantages of the oral route of drug administration involving the long time the drug needs in order to show an effect as well as the interaction of drug substances with enzymes and/or secretions of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastric emptying time as well as the alteration of pH levels into the gastrointestinal tract are factors to investigate in order to achieve maximum absorption of the drug through the oral route. Discussion Tablets Nowadays, one of the most common dosage forms produced by pharmaceutical industries and preferred by the majority of patients is undoubtedly tablets. The category of compressed tablets is the most popular dosage form in use. Tablets are used for either systemic drug delivery or for local drug action as well. They are more preferable than any other dosage form as they are taken orally by patients, which is a convenient and safe way of drug administration and are more stable compared to liquids (physical and chemical stability). Different types of tablets (regarding their shape, size and drug dose) require a different formulation in order to be produced as each category has different properties and alterations may be needed in the choice of excipients each time and in methods used. That means that every tablet is a different situation and as a result different steps should be followed. Tablets have enough advantages in comparison to other dosage forms. First of all they are easier to handle and the preparation procedure offers an accurate dosing of the drug. The possibility of mass production makes production of tablets cheaper and their chemical and physical stability is obviously better compared to liquid dosage forms. Tablets are also compliant with the majority of patients. Disadvantages of tablets are noticed when they are dispensed especially in the elderly and paediatrics where swallowing difficulties are observed. They also belong to the category of slow-acting dosage forms (first-pass effect). Finally their poor bioavailability in combination with the decrease in PH over the time complete the most important disadvantages and create points for improvement. The compressed tablet is the most popular, versatile but most technically difficult dosage form as well. According to European Pharmacopoeia (3rd edition, 1997) tablets are solid preparations each containing a single dose of one or more active ingredients and obtained by compressing uniform volumes of particles. Million tablets are dispensed on a daily basis in the pharmacies all over the UK. Hence pharmacists should be completely aware of how they are made and the steps that follow during the production stage before they reach in the dispensary area of pharmacies. First of all, tablets are called pills by the majority of people. However this name is technically incorrect as tablets are made by compression whereas pills are an ancient solid dose forms prepared by hand into spherical particles about 4 to 6mm in diameter. As it was said above, tablets are made by a process of compression and that is their basic difference compared to pills. There are two main types of press in tablet production: the single -punch press (or eccentric press) and the rotary press (or multistation press). There is one more type, called hydraulic press (used more in research and development work) which requires a more specialized equipment. The first very important factor for investigation in tablet formulation is compressibility. Because the majority of drugs do not have very good compression properties on their own usually require the addition of excipients. Low dose tablets (dose less than 50mg) are used to be prepared by direct compression whereas high dose ones (dose more than 50mg) by using wet granulation technique. Compression properties could be understood better by studying the behaviour of elastic, plastic or fragmenting tablets under compression. Good flow (or alternatively flowability) is the next attribute for investigation. In order to succeed that, tablets require the addition of different excipients (and not only the active drug) such as lubricants, glidants, binders, disintegrants, antiadherents etc. Depending on the drug and the dose of the tablet each time (preparation of low or high dose tablets), different excipients are used. Excipients however, can affect powders properties; hence pharmaceutical industries need to study very well them and their properties in order to avoid any possible errors during the tableting process. 325mg aspirin tablets, by Ragesoss, E. Johnson, 2010 Tablets can be controlled by weight. The whole tablets weight combines the weight of the active drug (drug dose) and the weight of the excipients added after it. Tableting process relies on consistent volumetric filling of the die space set by the bottom punch. Uniformity of tablets can be tested in two ways; weight variation or content uniformity test. Weight variation test occurs for high dose tablets (dose > 50mg) that are uncoated and contain at least 50 % of the active ingredient (drug). On the other hand, content uniformity test is used for coated tablets which contain again the same percentage (at least 50%) of the single active ingredient. In tablet manufacturing, tablets are prepared by powder compression. By that way particles are placed very close to each other and finally a defined size and shape is given. During compression procedure a die and two punches (upper and lower) are used. First of all die is a tool that is used by pharmaceutical industries for cutting or shaping materials by using press. On the other hand, punch is used to describe a hard metal rod which has two different ends; a shaped tip and a blunt butt. The compressive force is applied by the upper punch while the lower one moves at the same time up and down within the tip. The image below describes the whole process from the time that the powder is moved to the die till the tablet is formed. The sequent of events involved in the formation of tablets. Pharmaceutics The science of dosage form design, edited by M.E, Aulton Second edition Coming back to flowability, good flow depends on both active ingredients and the excipients added in the powder mix. The good flow of a powder mix can be ensured by measuring the angle of repose or consolidation index. If flow properties are not very good, then lubricants and glidants are the most appropriate excipients for the improvement of the flow. It should also be noted that only glidants are able to improve a powders flow. Lubricants just decrease the extinction of friction and by that way the flow becomes better. More especially, by the addition of a lubricant the coefficient of friction between the die wall and the tablet during ejection is reduced and by that way the powder has a better flowability. Magnesium stearate is the most commonly used lubricant especially for tablets and functions as an antiadherent. That means that by its addition, it prevents ingredients from picking and sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets. It is also hydrophobic and reduces the compressibility of many formulations. On the other hand, glidants are added mainly to the dry powders to improve flowability. In general the addition of a glidant or lubricant or both of them can affect the excipients/powders flowability and bulk density. These additions can have great results and turn powders with a very poor flow to powders with a good flow. Apart from lubricants and glidants, formulation of tablets requires the use of other excipients as well. The filler for example which acts as a bulking agent, is used in order to increase the bulk volume of the powder and hence the size of the tablet when the dose of the active ingredient is too low (low dose of a potent drug requires the incorporation of a substance). An ideal filler has to be chemically inert, biocompatible, non-hygroscopic, soluble, compactible, quite tasty and not of very high cost. The filler used most widely is lactose as its properties look enough like the ideal fillers one. The addition of a disintegrant also ensures that the tablet when will be in contact with liquid will break up into small fragments. This promotes quick drug dissolution. During disintegration, the liquid comes in contact with the solid and penetrates the pores of the tablet. Afterwards the tablet breaks slowly into smaller fragments. Two categories of disintegrants exist: those that facilitate water uptake (e.g. surfactants) and that rapture the tablet (e.g. starch). Sticking or picking properties of tablets depend on the addition of antiadherents. Antiadherents reduce adhesion between the powder and the punch faces. Lots of lubricants can be used as antiadherents. Talc or starch have also similar properties. Magnesium stearate which is the most commonly used lubricant (especially for tablets) functions as an antiadherent as well. That means that by its addition, it prevents ingredients from picking and sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets. It is also hydrophobic and reduces the compressibility of many formulations. Pharmaceutical industries can involve flavouring agents and colourants during tableting procedure too. First of all, a flavouring agent by its addition either gives a more pleasant taste in the tablet or mask an unpleasant one. Flavouring agents cannot be added prior to an operation involving heat as they are usually thermolabile. Usual flavouring agents are essential oils such as anise and cardamom, vanilla or peppermint. Colourant is the last excipient could be added during wet massing method in order to produce high dose tablets. General knowledge of colourants involve tablets identification and patients compliance. Even if colouring procedure finishes during coating stage, the colourant chosen could be added prior to compaction as well. Opacifiers like Titanium oxide and Inorganic materials like Iron oxide are characteristic colourant examples. The choice of the appropriate excipients depends on the type of the tablet as different excipients give different properties. So chewable tablets are not designed to disintegrate since mechanical action is supplied by the patient. Hence there is no need for disintegrants to be contained in to the relevant formulation. Although the drug is immediately released in the mouth, it is swallowed and absorbed from the stomach. Colouring and flavouring is also needed especially in the presence of antacids. Effervescent tablets are dissolved in a glass of water before administration. Plenty of analgesics use this specific type and during this process disinitegration and dissolution are facilitated due to carbon dioxide liberation. Effervescent tablets have a rapid bioavailability and cause less stomach irritation. However extra protection from moisture is required in packaging. Finally extended release tablets have been designed in order to release the drug dose over 12-24 hours until the drug to result to Gastrointestinal tract. They are classified according to the mechanism of drug release (e.g. erosion, dissolution, diffusion etc). Capsules The second most common dosage form administered via the oral route are capsules. Capsules which are solid dosage forms are distinguished into two categories; hard gelatine capsules and soft gels. Soft gelatine shells are consisted of less gelatine compared to hard gelatine ones (43%), 37% of glycerine and 20% of water. On the other hand, in hard gelatine shells no glycerine is added and larger amount of gelatine is obviously used. Although both capsule types are widely used, soft gels have some more advantages due to the accuracy and precision of dose that they offer, the accuracy of fill volume as well as the fact that they are preferred for high dose poorly compressible drugs. Generally speaking both capsule types are from the dosage forms that can be massively produced in a manufacturing scale and achieve appropriate dose in combination with the preferable size, shape and colour. Hard gelatin capsules Soft gelatin capsules Capsules are more stable than liquid dosage forms and as it was mentioned above they contribute to accurate dosing. Such as with tablets, they are quite easy to administer and any unpleasant tastes can be easily masked. Capsules release properties can be managed and further studied and it is also possible light resistant capsules to be produced. Patients compliance is another important issue too. The basic disadvantages are pretty much the same with those of tablets. Capsules as tablets are not indicated for people with swallowing difficulties including the elderly and children. They are also unsuitable for very small children and the use of animal gelatine in their formulation process might be an important religious issue. The aim of developing a capsule formulation is first of all to prepare a capsule with accurate dosage, good bioavailability, stability, elegance and facility in the production stage. In capsule formulation is very important the mixture that will be added into the capsules to have been blended very well and being 100% homogenous. Disintegrants are usually included in capsule formulation in order to help capsules contents to be distributed in the stomach. Aqueous solutions cannot be filled in hard gelatin capsules because water softens the gelatin and destroys the capsules. However, there are some exceptions of a few aqueous solutions (included oils) that can be added in hard gelatin capsules. In general, capsules are consisted of two main parts: the body and the cap. Almost all of the pharmaceutical companies that produce hard gelatin capsules use gelatine produced by ingrained bovine spongiform encephalopathy. This material is a good film former, soluble in water and is able to fluid in GI at normal body temperature without to release any of the ingredients of the capsule. Capsules are available in a variety of sizes and the appropriate size is chosen each time according the fill volume of the ingredients. Capsule sizes In hard gelatine capsules and generally in capsules, there is one extra step compared to tablets; that is the dissolution of the capsule shell. When the capsule will pass through the GI and will be placed in a dissolution medium at approximately 37ÃŽÂ ¿C, the gelatin will start gradually to dissolve. So, firstly the cap and afterwards the body will start to melt, and as a result the dissolution medium will penetrate into the capsule ingredients. Oral Solutions Solutions are from the oldest dosage forms used in pharmaceutical formulations. Their strongest advantage is based on the fast and high absorption of soluble medicinal products. Being from the simplest formulations to prepare concerning both time and cost, solutions are still one of the leading dosage forms due to their application in patients with swallowing difficulties and their easy administration. For example they are administered in geriatrics, in paediatrics as well as in patients in intensive care or patients suffering from psychiatric problems. Solutions are divided in oral solutions (elixirs, linctuses, syrups, mixtures, draughts, spirits and paediatric drops), in external solutions (lotions, liniments, external applications and collodions), in gargles and mouthwashes as well as in enemas and douches. Care pholcodine oral solution BP Focusing on the oral solutions, they contain a liquid which is characterized by its homogeneity and in which one or more active ingredients have been dissolved. Contrary to suspensions, in solutions there is no need for shaking before use. Most times, water is the preferred vehicle due to its multiple properties. Solutions offer immediate absorption of the drug and the drug dose can be also shaped regarding the patients needs. On the other hand, the drug stability is importantly affected in solutions and unpleasant tastes cannot be so easily masked as in other dosage forms (for example in tablets). As with suspensions, solutions do not offer a convenient transport due to possible container breakages. Other disadvantages involve the use of a measuring device in order to administer the appropriate dose to the patient which further requires a relevant technical accuracy. Finally, the fact that some of the drugs are poorly soluble enables the creation of a vehicle which usually consists of water and a variety of other solvents in order the chosen drug to be dissolved. Solubility which is an important factor to investigate in solutions, is directly connected to particle size, stirring, viscosity and temperature. Physical and chemical stability are other factors that need to be taken in consideration while dealing with the formulation of this specific dosage form. Oral Suspensions Generally speaking suspensions cover a wide range of pharmaceutical products involving enemas, ear drops, inhalations etc. Focusing on the suspensions administered via the oral route (mixtures for oral use) at least one of the active ingredients is suspended in a vehicle. According to the British Pharmacopoeia oral suspensions are oral liquids containing one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle. Suspended solids may slowly separate on standing but are easily redispersed. Suspensions are an alternative way of drug administration which would not be so convenient for use if taken in other dosage forms (e.g. tablet). They are preferred from patients who experience swallowing difficulties and they are indicated for paediatric or/and geriatric use. Paracetamol oral suspension Some of the advantages of suspensions over other pharmaceutical formulations involve the palatability and stability that can be achieved using insoluble drugs. As it was mentioned above it is easier to swallow suspended insoluble powders and the absorption stage will be really faster that any other solid dosage forms which require dissolution before absorption. On the other hand, shaking is necessary before use and most times the dose is not as accurate as in equivalent solution. The disperse system can be also affected depending on the storage conditions. Finally it is not so easy to transport suspensions and extra caution is needed due to possible container breakages in this specific dosage form. Suspensions are further categorized into diffusible and indiffusible ones. Diffusible suspensions use light insoluble (or very slightly soluble) powders which during shaking require longer time to disperse uniformly (compared to indiffusible suspensions) in order to be made up to an accurate dose. Light Kaolin BP and Magnesium Trisilicate BP are some common diffusible powders which are completely insoluble in the water. Calamine BP and Zinc oxide BP are some of the commonly used indiffusible powders (heavy powders which are not soluble in the vehicle). One of the basic differences between these two categories is that in indiffusible suspensions a suspending agent is added for facilitating the vehicle to be thickened. Oral Emulsions British Pharmacopoeia states that oral emulsions are oral liquids containing one or more active ingredients. They are stabilised oil-in-water dispersions, either or both phases of which may contain dissolved solids. Solids may also be suspended in oral emulsions. When issued for use, oral emulsions should be supplied in wide-mouthed bottles. Q-LAX Oral emulsion Generally speaking the term emulsion is connected to applications with external use, lotions and creams. However pharmaceutically it is used for preparations that are used to be administered via the oral route. Emulsions are dispersions of oil in water or the opposite. Tiny droplets indicate the dispersed phase. Therefore the use of an emulsifying agent is necessary in order to assure that the oil phase is normally dispersed in the presence of water. Oral emulsions are usually oil-in-water whereas those that are intended for external use are usually water-in-oil respectively. As in suspensions, the artificial palatability of unpalatable drugs in emulsions is a strong advantage. It is also quite easy to flavour the aqueous phase and the sensation or/and the taste of the oil is something that can be easily removed. This dosage form has an increased rate of absorption and can combine even two incompatible ingredients (one in oily and another one in the aqueous phase). Passing to the disadvantages, some similarities can be identified between emulsions and solutions. The first one is the use of a measuring device in order to administer the appropriate dose to the patient which requires a relevant technical accuracy. Stability can be affected depending on the storage conditions and as in suspensions (but not in solutions), a good shake of the preparation is required before administration. As it was mentioned twice above, emulsions, suspensions and solutions do not offer a convenient transport due to possible container breakages. Finally in emulsions cracking can be caused due to the microbial contamination of the preparation. Although emulsions are a very helpful and useful dosage form in pharmaceutics, they are widely used more in external preparations than in internal ones (via the oral route). Conclusion Different drugs are administered via different routes of administration. Criteria such as either the speed or the efficiency with which the drugs act are decisive in order to choose the most appropriate route of administration and consequently the dosage form. More specifically, in terms of the oral route of drug administration different dosage forms were analyzed, discussed and their advantages and disadvantages were compared. Of course it is pointless to say that one of these dosage forms which are taken orally (tablets, capsules, oral suspensions, solutions and emulsions) is the best as each one covers specific aspects and purposes and is used under different circumstances. Tablets is the most commonly used dosage form with a very interesting as well as complicated manufacturing background. They are available in different types (e.g. immediate, modified release etc) and they are most preferable by patients. Capsules is another solid dosage form which is also preferred by patients. Tablets and capsules as solid preparations share common advantages. However patients compliance is their strongest one. When tablets or capsules cannot be swallowed then the use of other oral dosage forms such as solutions, suspensions or emulsions is necessary. Swallowing difficulties can be found especially in the elderly, in children or in patients in intensive care or with psychiatric support. Solutions and suspensions are used more widely than emulsions intended for internal use (via the oral route). Basic differences between those focus on palatability and stability of the preparation. To summarise it needs to be mentioned that it is not up to the formulator to decide the route of administration of each drug. This is solely determined by the physical characteristics of the drug itself, absorption and release factors.

How Internet Affects Life Essay

Nowadays, the use of Internet is increasing especially among adolescence or more accurately, students. The Internet issue is discussed by the adults and parents. Most of them are worried that the use of Internet is dangerous to their kids. Some others said that Internet may bring benefits to their children especially to those who will be sitting for an examination. On my opinion, Internet has both benefits and drawbacks. First of all, let me talk about the benefits first. As we know, Internet is mostly used by students. By surfing internet, students can visit various websites to assist their studies. The examples of popular websites are tutortv.com , unicliq.com , and tutor.com.my. They can visit the websites and revise their studies in more exciting way. Some of them are free. Students can visit it anytime they want. The websites also provide useful notes and exercises. At the same time, students can get additional information that they cannot find it in books. For instance, they can go to ‘Google’ or ‘Yahoo’ search engines to search for more ideas to write an essay. In short, Internet provides vast informations and knowledge which is very beneficial for the students. Next, Internet also provides lots of social networks such as Facebook , Twitter, MySpace and many other. Through these social networks, we can add more friends and make new friends. We can also know friends from other country as these social networks are used internationally. Other than adding friends, we can also strengthen our relationship with our friends and family who are staying far away from us using Skype. We can see them in front of our eyes eventhough they are actually far away from us through web camera. Besides, Internet also offers entertainment. We canwatch videos of our favourite artists by just one click through ‘Youtube’ website. We can also watch favourite movies without paying. Plus, there are many artists born from ‘Youtube’. So, fans can know more about the artists from Youtube. Meanwhile, 4shared.com provides tracks, videos and files that can be  downloaded for free! Internet users can enjoy themselves at anytime watching their favourite artists’ performance for free. Internet doen not only offersbenefits for students but also to those who want to gain more money. It also provides business opportunities. As for example, mudah.my gives a wide room for surfers to promote anything they want to sell. Through this, people with no job can gain money and support their lives by doing the online business. However, as I said earlier, Internet also brings bad effects to its users. Firstly, it can encourage cyber crimes. Besides that, students who spend too much time on Internet may neglect their studies and do not finish their homework. This should be avoided as studies are important especially to teenagers. Although Internet can add more friends to our list, yet, it still can develop anti-social behaviour. Not all of the users use Internet to make friends, someof them only play video games or just sit down wayching videos on Youtube. They will only sit and ignore what is happening around them. The worst thing is, they may not realise that there is an earthquake out there! This anti-social behaviour may leads to health problems. The users will just stay at home and sit in front of computer and this will cause them to be lazy couch potatoes. It will also lead to obesity. Next, most students will not attracted to surf knowledgeable websites, but wasting their time on other non-beneficial things. Wasting timeon Internet can cause students to neglect their studies. Not only time is wasted but also money. With the uses of more electricity non-stop, utility bills may increase dramatically. We just not pay for the electric bills but also internet monthly bills. The conclusion is, everything has its own benefits and drawbacks. However, it depends on how we are using it. If we spend more time using it for benefits, we will get positive effects. But if we use it more to non-beneficial things, we will get negative effects. So, it depends on you.

Article Critique: Masking Poor Communication Essay

â€Å"Take advantage of every opportunity to practice your communication skills so that when important occasions arise, you will have the gift, the style, the sharpness, the clarity, and the emotions to affect other people.† – Jim Rohn (Brain, 2001). Most of us do not realize that we are causing miscommunications while we are doing so. Studies show that we have believed we’ve communicated with the people we love better than we actually have. Sometimes we have an â€Å"illusion of insight†, study co-author Nicholas Epley, a professor of behavioral science at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, said in a university news release, which comes from growing close to friends and family. (Close, 2011). â€Å"Our problem in communicating with friends and spouses is that we have an illusion of insight. Getting close to someone appears to create the illusion of understanding more than actual understanding.† (Close , 2011). I know that I am misunderstood often; meanwhile, I rarely do the misunderstanding. I most often bump heads with my fiancà © but I most severely bump heads with my sister. My sister, Lissette, is 13 years older than I am; I have always assumed that our communication was open, clear, and effectively expressed. As it turns out I could not have been more wrong. I remember when I was 19 and I moved in with my sister; we had a great relationship, we were very happy with the living arrangements. That happiness was every so short lived. On several occasions we argued because one or the other perceived a symbol incorrectly. Lissette and I eventually had a big fight about some laundry, long story short I had to move out. We fought not because either one did something wrong but because things that were said were taken out of context by the receiver. Comments that were made by the sender, that were simply intended to inform the receiver of certain aspects, had a negative chain reaction. In hind sight, I did not say with my body, tone, or facial expressions what I was really trying to encode a different manner. In other words, I now think that I may have come on too strong a tone and character and my sister understood what she read on my body, not listening to the words. Reflecting on this article and other readings throughout the week, I came to some interesting conclusions. Studies do indicate that people often times believe that they communicate better with close friends and family than with strangers. â€Å"That closeness can lead people to overestimate how well they communicate, a phenomenon we term the ‘closeness-communication bias,'† study co-author Boaz Keysar, professor psychology professor at the University of Chicago, stated during a university news release  © 2011 HealthDay. Whether we are face to face, back to back, in another room, or on the phone with each other, misunderstanding can and will happen without either party reacting well to the misinterpretations. When something is said, it is both the senders and receivers responsibility to make sure they are clear in what they are saying and/or hearing. Without this tactic, there will be misinterpretations between the sender and receiver. As an effort to make sure that I don’t find myself in the miscommunication habit, I will have to work on my communication skills daily. I also believe that it is very easy to expect someone close to you to understand you, but it is more complex than simply understanding words. I will have to learn to appreciate that not everyone I love will always be on the same page as me. Additionally, I can express how I am feeling about the senders’ tones and their facial expressions, so that we will be on that same page. I can also gracefully place pauses and breaks into my conversations in order to allow the receiver time to give feedback. In these ways both the receiver and myself, the sender, will not assume what the other is saying or thinking. In chapter three of Interpersonal Communication it list things that we can do to improve our intrapersonal communication. One way you can increase awareness is to pay attention to what you select to focus on and how you interpret your world, i.e. is the glass half full or half empty? Another is to increase your self-awareness â€Å"To improve your communication skills, you must first increase your self-awareness to understand how you interpret your world† (Sole, K. 2011) References Close relationships sometimes mask poor communication. (2011, January). U.S. News & WorldReport, 1. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global. Document ID: 2270370591. Sole, K. (2011).Making connections: Understanding interpersonal communication. San Diego,CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. (https://content.ashford.edu) http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/topics/topic_communication.html 2001-2003

The Effect of Personal Characteristics on Prosocial Behaviour

The Effect of Personal Characteristics on Prosocial Behaviour In this essay, it will be first looked at the effect personal characteristics have on Prosocial behaviour including the level of moral reasoning of individuals, vicarious emotional reactions, altruism, guilt, self concern, the Just World hypothesis and also the biological approach. Secondly it will be looked at how being part of a group can effect an individuals Prosocial behaviour. Intra-group factors that will be covered include the Bystander Effect, modelling and norms. Finally, factors concerning immediate and larger context will be covered. Prosocial behaviour is an act by an individual or a group that is seen as valued by†¦show more content†¦The results showed that those not in the control group inflicted higher shocks to the learner subject (Milgram, 1965 as cited in Macaulay. J. and Berkowitz. L. 1970). This suggests that those who thought the experiment was being run by a highly prestigious research organisation, using moral reasoning, took less responsibility for their actions. Another personal reason why an individual may help on a personal level is due to vicarious emotional reactions. If someone sees someone else who needs help it can cause feelings such as sympathy in the individual motivating them to help. In reports from those who helped rescue the Jews from the Nazis in Europe, nearly half mentioned feelings of sympathy for their reason of helping (Hinde. A.R. and Groebel. J. 1991). This links to the theory of altruism where people help on a purely selfless basis and have no ulterior motive other than to help those that need help. If someone walked past a man getting beaten up, they may help purely for this reason. But an altruistic act is extremely difficult to perform as by helping; the individual may get a feeling of pride after, cancelling out the altruism. 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